Preoperative oral hygiene treatment reduces bacterial transport and colonization during intubation for orthopedic surgery.

PURPOSE: The process of infection by bacteria and viruses involves invasion, establishment, growth, and parasitization. Poor oral hygiene and dysbiosis are significant risk factors for pneumonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial transport into the trachea during intubation for orthopedic surgery and the impact of oral hygiene treatment. METHODS: The study cohort included 53 patients with fracture who underwent surgical procedures under general anesthesia and were divided into two groups: an oral hygiene treatment (OHT) group (n = 27) and a control group (n = 26). Before intubation, the OHT group underwent preoperative oral hygiene treatment. Microbiological culture was used for detection and counting of bacteria from the oropharynx, trachea, and tip of the endotracheal tube (ETT). RESULTS: Patients in the OHT group had a lower pathogen detection rate and lower degree of bacterial colonization in the oropharynx, trachea, and ETT tip. CONCLUSION: Preoperative oral hygiene treatment is able to reduce bacterial transport and colonization during orthopedic surgery, thus providing an important adjunct to pre-anesthesia care.

Association of blood cell-based inflammatory markers with gut microbiota and cancer incidence in the Rotterdam study.

The immune response-gut microbiota interaction is implicated in various human diseases, including cancer. Identifying the link between the gut microbiota and systemic inflammatory markers and their association with cancer will be important for our understanding of cancer etiology. The current study was performed on 8090 participants from the population-based Rotterdam study. We found a significant association (false discovery rate [FDR] ≤0.05) between lymphocytes and three gut microbial taxa, namely the family Streptococcaceae, genus Streptococcus, and order Lactobacillales. In addition, we identified 95 gut microbial taxa that were associated with inflammatory markers (p < 0.05). Analyzing the cancer data, we observed a significant association between higher systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) levels at baseline (hazard ratio (HR): 1.65 [95% confidence interval (CI); 1.10-2.46, p ≤ 0.05]) and a higher count of lymphocytes (HR: 1.38 [95% CI: 1.15-1.65, p ≤ 0.05]) and granulocytes (HR: 1.69 [95% CI: 1.40-2.03, p ≤ 0.05]) with increased risk of lung cancer after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and study cohort. This association was lost for SII and lymphocytes after additional adjustment for smoking (SII = HR:1.46 [95% CI: 0.96-2.22, p = 0.07] and lymphocytes = HR: 1.19 [95% CI: 0.97-1.46, p = 0.08]). In the stratified analysis, higher count of lymphocyte and granulocytes at baseline were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and study cohort (HR: 1.33 [95% CI: 1.09-1.62, p ≤0.05] and HR: 1.57 [95% CI: 1.28-1.92, p ≤0.05], respectively). Our study revealed a positive association between gut microbiota, higher SII levels, and higher lymphocyte and granulocyte counts, with an increased risk of developing lung cancer.

Effect of butorphanol-soaked nasal packing after endoscopic nasal surgery: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the effect of butorphanol-soaked nasal packing on analgesia and sleep quality in patients undergoing bilateral endoscopic nasal surgery. METHODS: Sixty-six patients were enrolled and randomly allocated into three groups: group B1 (butorphanol 0.03mg/kg), group B2 (butorphanol 0.04mg/kg) and group N (control group). The primary outcome was postoperative pain scores evaluated by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 2h (T1), 8h (T2), 24h (T3) and 48h (T4) after surgery. Secondary outcome was postoperative sleep quality measured using Subjective Sleep Quality Value (SSQV). RESULTS: Postoperative VAS scores of butorphanol groups were significantly lower than the control group at T2, T3 and T4. VAS scores at each time point did not differ between groups B1 and B2. On the first and second nights after surgery, SSQV was higher in butorphanol groups than in the control group. There were no significant differences in SSQV1 and SSQV2 between group B1 and group B2. The incidence of respiratory depression, dizziness, agitation and rescue analgesic use did not show difference among three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Butorphanol-soaked nasal packing can reduce pain and improve sleep quality after bilateral endoscopic nasal surgery without increasing adverse effects. A concentration of 0.03mg/kg may be appropriate for clinical application. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 1B.

Effect of butorphanol-soaked nasal packing after endoscopic nasal surgery: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Abstract Objective This study was designed to investigate the effect of butorphanol-soaked nasal packing on analgesia and sleep quality in patients undergoing bilateral endoscopic nasal surgery. Methods Sixty-six patients were enrolled and randomly allocated into three groups: group B1 (butorphanol 0.03 mg/kg), group B2 (butorphanol 0.04 mg/kg) and group N (control group). The primary outcome was postoperative pain scores evaluated by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 2 h (T1), 8 h (T2), 24 h (T3) and 48 h (T4) after surgery. Secondary outcome was postoperative sleep quality measured using Subjective Sleep Quality Value (SSQV). Results Postoperative VAS scores of butorphanol groups were significantly lower than the control group at T2, T3 and T4. VAS scores at each time point did not differ between groups B1 and B2. On the first and second nights after surgery, SSQV was higher in butorphanol groups than in the control group. There were no significant differences in SSQV1 and SSQV2 between group B1 and group B2. The incidence of respiratory depression, dizziness, agitation and rescue analgesic use did not show difference among three groups. Conclusions Butorphanol-soaked nasal packing can reduce pain and improve sleep quality after bilateral endoscopic nasal surgery without increasing adverse effects. A concentration of 0.03 mg/kg may be appropriate for clinical application. Level of Evidence Level 1B.

Preparation of Ir-Cu/C nanosheets for the oxygen evolution reaction by room temperature plasma carbonization.

Ir-Cu/C nanosheets with a thickness of about 2 nm were prepared using Ar plasma carbonization and reduction at room temperature. The obtained Ir-Cu/C catalyst, composed of single atom Ir-doped Cu nanoparticles embedded in a carbon framework, exhibits efficient oxygen evolution reaction activity with a low overpotential.

Association between napping and cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Increasing evidence suggests that napping is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, but the conclusions are inconsistent. Moreover, the extent of the risk is uncertain. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the connection between napping and cognitive impairment. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for studies that were published up to June 2023, and assessed associations between napping and cognitive impairment. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated as the effect sizes for all studies. Heterogeneity and potential publication biases were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 4535 papers were retrieved, with 20 reports assessing the relationships between napping and cognitive impairment. Pooled analysis indicated that napping was associated with dementia (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.07-1.21). Importantly, we found that those napping longer than 30, 45, and 60 min/day were 35%, 41%, and 40%, respectively, more likely to have an increased risk of cognitive impairment (30 min: OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.24-1.48; 45 min: OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.27-1.58; 60 min: OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.26-1.56). North America and Europe showed that associations existed between napping and cognitive impairment (North America: OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.04-1.27; Europe: OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08-1.18). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicated associations between long napping durations and cognitive impairment or dementia, suggesting that longer napping might be a potential risk factor of adverse cognitive outcomes.

Smoking-related dysregulation of plasma circulating microRNAs: the Rotterdam study.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Differential miRNA expression, which is widely shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, can be influenced by lifestyle factors, including smoking. This study aimed to investigate the plasma miRNA signature of smoking habits, the potential effect of smoking cessation on miRNA levels, and relate the findings with lung cancer incidence. RESULTS: A targeted RNA-sequencing approach measured plasma miRNA levels in 2686 participants from the population-based Rotterdam study cohort. The association between cigarette smoking (current versus never) and 591 well-expressed miRNAs was assessed via adjusted linear regression models, identifying 41 smoking-associated miRNAs that passed the Bonferroni-corrected threshold (P < 0.05/591 = 8.46 × 10-5). Moreover, we found 42 miRNAs with a significant association (P < 8.46 × 10-5) between current (reference group) and former smokers. Then, we used adjusted linear regression models to explore the effect of smoking cessation time on miRNA expression levels. The expression levels of two miRNAs were significantly different within 5 years of cessation (P < 0.05/41 = 1.22 × 10-3) from current smokers, while for cessation time between 5 and 15 years we found 19 miRNAs to be significantly different from current smokers, and finally, 38 miRNAs were significantly different after more than 15 years of cessation time (P < 1.22 × 10-3). These results imply the reversibility of the smoking effect on plasma levels of at least 38 out of the 41 smoking-miRNAs following smoking cessation. Next, we found 8 out of the 41 smoking-related miRNAs to be nominally associated (P < 0.05) with the incidence of lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates smoking-related dysregulation of plasma miRNAs, which might have a potential for reversibility when comparing different smoking cessation groups. The identified miRNAs are involved in several cancer-related pathways and include 8 miRNAs associated with lung cancer incidence. Our results may lay the groundwork for further investigation of miRNAs as potential mechanism linking smoking, gene expression and cancer.

Ultrasound assessment of gastric residual volume in patients over 60 years of age undergoing gastroscopy under sedation: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess the accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of the antral cross-sectional area (CSA) in the preprocedural evaluation of gastric contents and volume in fasted patients > 60 yr of age scheduled for gastroscopy under sedation. METHODS: We included n = 81 patients > 60 yr of age and n = 79 younger controls scheduled to undergo elective gastroscopy in a prospective cohort study. A gastric ultrasound examination was performed to measure the antral CSA in both semisitting and right lateral decubitus (RLD) positions. Afterward, patients were graded using the Perlas qualitative grading scale. The actual gastric volume was endoscopically suctioned. Full stomach was defined as gastric volume > 1.5 mL·kg-1 and/or the presence of solid particles. We constructed receiver operating characteristic curves to determine the accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of RLD CSA to detect a gastric volume > 1.5 mL·kg-1 and calculated the diagnostic test attributes of RLD CSA for the identification of a gastric volume > 1.5 mL·kg-1 RESULTS: The incidence of full stomach was 8/81 (9.8%) in patients > 60 yr of age and 1/79 (1.2%) in young patients (risk difference, 8.6%; 95% CI, 1.3 to 15.8; P = 0.03). The cut-off value of RLD CSA was 10.4 cm2 for the detection of gastric volume > 1.5 mL·kg-1 in patients > 60 yr of age, with a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 98.6%. CONCLUSION: Patients > 60 yr of age scheduled for gastroscopy under sedation had a higher incidence of a full stomach detected with ultrasound compared with a younger cohort, which is potentially associated with a higher aspiration risk. We calculated a cut-off value of RLD CSA for detecting gastric volume in patients > 60 yr of age of approximately 10 cm2, which may help to quickly assess patients at risk of aspiration. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR2100048994); registered 19 July 2021.

RéSUMé: CONTEXTE: Notre objectif était d'évaluer la précision de la mesure échographique de la section transversale antrale (CSA) dans l'évaluation préprocédurale du contenu et du volume gastriques chez les patient·es à jeun > 60 ans devant bénéficier d'une gastroscopie sous sédation. MéTHODE: Nous avons inclus n = 81 patient·es > 60 ans et n = 79 patient·es témoins plus jeunes devant bénéficier d'une gastroscopie non urgente dans une étude de cohorte prospective. Une échographie gastrique a été réalisée pour mesurer la CSA antrale en position semi-assise et en décubitus latéral droit (DLD). Par la suite, la patientèle a été classée à l'aide de l'échelle de classement qualitatif de Perlas. Le volume gastrique réel était aspiré par endoscopie. Un estomac plein a été défini comme un volume gastrique > 1,5 mL·kg­1 et/ou la présence de particules solides. Nous avons construit des courbes de la fonction d'efficacité du récepteur (courbes ROC) afin de déterminer la précision de la mesure échographique de la CSA en DLD pour détecter un volume gastrique > 1,5 mL·kg­1 et calculé les attributs du test diagnostique de la CSA en DLD pour identifier un volume gastrique > 1,5 mL·kg­1. RéSULTATS: L'incidence d'estomac plein était de 8/81 (9,8 %) chez les patient·es > 60 ans et 1/79 (1,2 %) chez les patient·es jeunes (différence de risque, 8,6 %; IC 95 %, 1,3 à 15,8; P = 0,03). La valeur seuil de la CSA en DLD était de 10,4 cm2 pour la détection d'un volume gastrique > 1,5 mL·kg­1 chez la patientèle > 60 ans, avec une sensibilité de 75 %, une spécificité de 100 %, une valeur prédictive positive de 100 % et une valeur prédictive négative de 98,6 %. CONCLUSION: La patientèle > 60 ans devant bénéficier d'une gastroscopie sous sédation avait une incidence plus élevée d'estomac plein détecté par échographie par rapport à une cohorte plus jeune, ce qui est potentiellement associé à un risque d'aspiration plus élevé. Nous avons calculé une valeur seuil de la CSA en DLD pour détecter le volume gastrique chez les patient·es > 60 ans d'environ 10 cm2, ce qui peut aider à évaluer rapidement les personnes à risque d'aspiration. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR2100048994); enregistrée le 19 juillet 2021.

The TREM2 H157Y Variant Influences Microglial Phagocytosis, Polarization, and Inflammatory Cytokine Release.

Previously, we reported that H157Y, a rare coding variant on exon 3 of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 gene (TREM2), was associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk in a Han Chinese population. To date, how this variant increases AD risk has remained unclear. In this study, using CRISPR-Cas9-engineered BV2 microglia, we tried to investigate the influence of the Trem2 H157Y variant on AD-related microglial functions. For the first time, we revealed that the Trem2 H157Y variant inhibits microglial phagocytosis of amyloid-ß, promotes M1-type polarization of microglia, and facilitates microglial release of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. These findings provide new insights into the cellular mechanisms by which the TREM2 H157Y variant elevates the risk of AD.

ARID1A Inactivation Increases Expression of circ0008399 and Promotes Cisplatin Resistance in Bladder Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy is a first-line, drug regimen for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC) and metastatic bladder cancer. Clinically, resistance to CDDP restricts the clinical benefit of some bladder cancer patients. AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) gene mutation occurs frequently in bladder cancer; however, the role of CDDP sensitivity in BC has not been studied. METHODS: We established ARID1A knockout BC cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. IC50 determination, flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis, and tumor xenograft assays were performed to verify changes in the CDDP sensitivity of BC cells losing ARID1A. qRT-PCR, Western blotting, RNA interference, bioinformatic analysis, and ChIP-qPCR analysis were performed to further explore the potential mechanism of ARID1A inactivation in CDDP sensitivity in BC. RESULTS: It was found that ARID1A inactivation was associated with CDDP resistance in BC cells. Mechanically, loss of ARID1A promoted the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 (EIF4A3) through epigenetic regulation. Increased expression of EIF4A3 promoted the expression of hsa_circ_0008399 (circ0008399), a novel circular RNA (circRNA) identified in our previous study, which, to some extent, showed that ARID1A deletion caused CDDP resistance through the inhibitory effect of circ0008399 on the apoptosis of BC cells. Importantly, EIF4A3-IN-2 specifically inhibited the activity of EIF4A3 to reduce circ0008399 production and restored the sensitivity of ARID1A inactivated BC cells to CDDP. CONCLUSION: Our research deepens the understanding of the mechanisms of CDDP resistance in BC and elucidates a potential strategy to improve the efficacy of CDDP in BC patients with ARID1A deletion through combination therapy targeting EIF4A3.

WITHDRAWN: Identification and Validation of Autophagy-related Genes in Sepsis-related Acute Kidney Injury (S-AKI) via Bioinformatics Analysis

Since the authors are not responding to the editor's requests to fulfill the editorial requirement, therefore, the article has been withdrawn from the journal "Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening".Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php. BENTHAM SCIENCE DISCLAIMER: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.

AVE 0991 Suppresses Astrocyte-Mediated Neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's Disease by Enhancing Autophagy.

Purpose: Our previous study has shown that AVE 0991, a nonpeptide analogue of Ang-(1-7), ameliorates cognitive decline and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Additionally, several studies have suggested that activation of autophagy appears to effectively inhibit the progression of neuroinflammation. However, it is unclear whether AVE 0991 can modulate astrocyte autophagy to suppress neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Materials and Methods: APP/PS1 mice and Aß-treated primary astrocytes were used as the research objects in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Water maze test was used to evaluate cognitive function of mice, Nissl staining and immunofluorescence staining was used to assess neuronal damage. ELISA kits were used to detect the levels of Ang-(1-7) and Aß in the cortex, and qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of cortical inflammation-related mediators. The expression of autophagy-related proteins in cortex were detected by Western blot. The upstream molecular responses involved in inflammation inhibition by AVE 0991 were validated by means of using the Mas1 antagonist and autophagy inhibitor. Results: We found that 30 days of intraperitoneal administration of AVE 0991 improved. Aß deposition, neuronal death, and cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 Alzheimer's disease model mice. Moreover, AVE 0991 treatment greatly suppressed astrocyte-mediated inflammation and up-regulated the expression of autophagy. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of AVE 0991 on the expression of inflammatory factors was reversed by 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor. Conclusion: These findings suggest that regulation of autophagy is critical for inhibiting astrocyte neuroinflammatory responses and demonstrate a potential neuroprotective mechanism by which AVE 0991 could suppress neuroinflammatory responses by enhancing autophagy.

A high-throughput KASP assay provides insights into the evolution of multiple resistant mutations in populations of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae across China.

BACKGROUND: The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a cosmopolitan phytophagous pest in agriculture and horticulture. It has developed resistance to many acaricides by target-site mutations. Understanding the status and evolution of resistant mutations in the field is essential for resistance management. Here, we applied a high-throughput Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) method for detecting six mutations conferring resistance to four acaricides of the TSSM. We genotyped 3274 female adults of TSSM from 43 populations collected across China in 2017, 2020, and 2021. RESULTS: The KASP genotyping of 24 testing individuals showed 99% agreement with Sanger sequencing results. KASP assays showed that most populations had a high frequency of mutations conferring avermectin (G314D and G326E) and pyridaben (H92R) resistance. The frequency of mutation conferring bifenazate (A269V and G126S) and etoxazole (I1017F) resistance was relatively low. Multiple mutations were common in the TSSM, with 70.2% and 24.6% of individuals having 2-6 and 7-10 of 10 possible resistant alleles, respectively. No loci were linked in most populations among the six mutations, indicating the development of multiple resistance is mainly by independent selection. However, G314D and I1017F on the nuclear genome deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in most populations, indicating significant selective pressure on TSSM populations by acaricides or fitness cost of the mutations in the absence of acaricide selection. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that the high frequency of TSSMs evolved multiple resistant mutations in population and individual levels by independent selection across China, alarming for managing multiple-acaricides resistance. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Alzheimer's disease-associated gene TREML2 modulates inflammation by regulating microglia polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-like 2 (TREML2) is a newly identified susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD). It encodes a microglial inflammation-associated receptor. To date, the potential role of microglial TREML2 in neuroinflammation in the context of AD remains unclear. In this study, APP/PS1 mice were used to investigate the dynamic changes of TREML2 levels in brain during AD progression. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of primary microglia as well as a lentivirus-mediated TREML2 overexpression and knockdown were employed to explore the role of TREML2 in neuroinflammation in the context of AD. Our results show that TREML2 levels gradually increased in the brains of APP/PS1 mice during disease progression. LPS stimulation of primary microglia led to the release of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the culture medium. The LPS-induced microglial release of inflammatory cytokines was enhanced by TREML2 overexpression and was attenuated by TREML2 knockdown. LPS increased the levels of microglial M1-type polarization marker inducible nitric oxide synthase. This effect was enhanced by TREML2 overexpression and ameliorated by TREML2 knockdown. Furthermore, the levels of microglial M2-type polarization markers CD206 and ARG1 in the primary microglia were reduced by TREML2 overexpression and elevated by TREML2 knockdown. LPS stimulation increased the levels of NLRP3 in primary microglia. The LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 was further elevated by TREML2 overexpression and alleviated by TREML2 knockdown. In summary, this study provides the first evidence that TREML2 modulates inflammation by regulating microglial polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings reveal the mechanisms by which TREML2 regulates microglial inflammation and suggest that TREML2 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.

The therapeutic efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the treatment of dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure for relevant studies from July 1919 to May 2021. RESULTS: Seventeen papers pertinent to our questions were found: In a meta-analysis, we found that IVIG significantly improved the level of CK (SMD (STD. Mean Difference) = -0.69; 95%CI -0.93, -0.46; P < 0.0001), Manual Muscle Test (SMD = 1.12; 95%CI 0.77, 1.47; P < 0.00001), Medical Research Council (SMD = 1.59; 95%CI 0.86, 2.33; P < 0.00001), Activities of Daily Living (SMD = 1.07; 95%CI 0.59, 1.56; P < 0.0001). The CK levels in DM and PM were also significantly improved after IVIG (SMD = -0.73; 95%CI -1.12, -0.34; P = 0.0002 and SMD = -3.29; 95%CI -5.82, -0.76; P < 0.0001, respectively). The meta-analysis of three RCTs showed that there was a statistically significant improvement after IVIG (SMD = 0.63; 95%CI 0.22, 1.03; P = 0.002). In a random effects model, pooled muscle power improvement rate was 77% (95% CI: 66.0-87.0%). Meta-analyses of IVIG as first-line therapy showed a significant improvement of the CK level (SMD = -0.71; 95%CI -1.12, -0.30; P = 0.0007). The polled improvement rate of oesophageal disorders was 88% (95% CI: 80.0-95.0%). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of improvement between the number of courses <2 and ≥2 (0.80% vs. 0.80%, P = 0.9). The proportion of corticosteroid-sparing success reached 81.8%. Adverse reactions following IVIG administration are usually mild and transient. Seven patients developed serious adverse events. CONCLUSION: IVIG seems to be an effective drug for DM/PM, improving muscle strength, CK levels, and oesophageal involvement, and it is well tolerated by patients.

Monitoring results of veterinary drug residues in chicken and eggs in Xinjiang in 2019 - 2020 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To know the residues of 13 veterinary drug residues in chicken and eggs foods in some areas in Xinjiang. Methods A total of 170 chicken and egg samples were randomly selected from supermarkets and farmers' markets in seven cities in Xinjiang. Eleven quinolone antibiotics, two tetracycline antibiotics, ribavirin and metronidazole were examined for veterinary drug residues using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) . Results The overall detection rate of veterinary drug residues in eggs and chicken were 20%（18/90）and11.25%（9/80）. The overall over-standard rate were 18.89%（17/90）and 0（0/80）. Veterinary drug residues in chicken are heavier than eggs. Veterinary drugs were detected and over-standarded in all seven cities in Xinjiang monitored. Conclusion The veterinary drug contamination in chicken and eggs in Xinjiang is relatively serious. It is recommended to strengthen the standardization of production and supervision to ensure food safety.

Development of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells with a CD163 reporter system / 生物工程学报

As main recipient cells for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) are involved in the progress of several highly pathogenic virus infections. However, due to the fact that the PAM cells can only be obtained from primary tissues, research on PAM-based virus-host interactions remains challenging. The improvement of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology provides a new strategy to develop IPSCs-derived PAM cells. Since the CD163 is a macrophage-specific marker and a validated receptor essential for PRRSV infection, generation of stable porcine induced pluripotent stem cells lines containing CD163 reporter system play important roles in the investigation of IPSCs-PAM transition and PAM-based virus-host interaction. Based on the CRISPR/Cas9- mediated gene editing system, we designed a sgRNA targeting CD163 locus and constructed the corresponding donor vectors. To test whether this reporter system has the expected function, the reporter system was introduced into primary PAM cells to detect the expression of RFP. To validate the low effect on stem cell pluripotency, we generated porcine iPSC lines containing CD163 reporter and assessed the pluripotency through multiple assays such as alkaline phosphatase staining, immunofluorescent staining, and EdU staining. The red-fluorescent protein (RFP) expression was detected in CD163-edited PAM cells, suggesting that our reporter system indeed has the ability to reflect the expression of gene CD163. Compared with wild-type (WT) iPSCs, the CD163 reporter-iPSCs display similar pluripotency-associated transcription factors expression. Besides, cells with the reporter system showed consistent cell morphology and proliferation ability as compared to WT iPSCs, indicating that the edited-cells have no effect on stem cell pluripotency. In conclusion, we generated porcine iPSCs that contain a CD163 reporter system. Our results demonstrated that this reporter system was functional and safe. This study provides a platform to investigate the iPS-PAM development and virus-host interaction in PAM cells.

Germplasm resources and genetic improvement of Akebia: A new fruit crop in China.

Akebia species, belonging to Lardizabalaceae, are widespread from subtropical to temperate environments of China, Japan, and Korea. All known Akebia species have medicinal and dietary value and have been widely cultivated as a new fruit crop in many areas of China. However, compared with other crop species, the breeding improvement and commercial cultivation of Akebia remain in their infancy. This review systematically introduces the present germplasm resources, geographical distribution, biological characteristics, interspecific and intraspecific cross compatibility, molecular biology, and breeding progress in Akebia species. Akebia plants are widely distributed in Shanxi, Henan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Fujian provinces of China, and wild Akebia plants exhibit abundant phenotypic and genetic diversity due to their wide range of geographical distribution and high adaptability in different habitats. Interspecific artificial hybridization experiments have been conducted in our Akebia germplasm resources nursery. The results showed that there was no reproductive isolation between Akebia species, and fertile progeny could be produced. The synthesis of knowledge on these species provides insights for the rational development and utilization of these germplasm resources, and can facilitate the development of new breeding lines or varieties for commercial cultivation or production. Finally, perspectives on Akebia breeding research are discussed and conclusions are provided. This review provided breeders with new insights into Akebia domestication and breeding, and we also proposed five basic steps in the domestication of new fruit crops.

Efficacy and Safety of the Remimazolam-Alfentanil Combination for Sedation During Gastroscopy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: Propofol infusion is a popular single drug of choice for sedation in the gastrointestinal endoscopy suite. Drug combinations are more beneficial than single-drug regimens in gastroscopy sedation. However, the cardiopulmonary complications of propofol sedation raise concern. Remimazolam is a novel, ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine sedative, and alfentanil is a weak opioid. During endoscopic procedures, remimazolam is an effective and safe sedative procedure. No synergistic effect has been reported when remimazolam was combined with alfentanil in gastroscopy sedation. Here, we evaluated the effective dose, sedative efficacy, and safety of the remimazolam-alfentanil combination in gastroscopy sedation and compared the results with those of the propofol-alfentanil combination. METHODS: This study was conducted in two parts. In Part 1, Dixon's up-and-down method (sequential distribution) was adopted for determining the 95% effective dose (ED95) (95% CI) and 95% CI of remimazolam combined with 5 µg/kg alfentanil. In Part 2, after obtaining the predictive remimazolam ED95, 161 patients were randomized into the remimazolam group (remimazolam-alfentanil) and the propofol group (propofol-alfentanil). The effectiveness of the drug combinations was measured according to successful sedation parameters. Changes in vital signs and the appearance of adverse events were used to assess the safety of drug combinations. Evaluation of patient and physician satisfaction was included as quality indicators of treatment. RESULTS: Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were comparable between the 2 parts of the study. The ED95 of remimazolam in inhibiting a positive response to gastroscopy placement into the pharyngeal cavity was 0.33 mg/kg (95% CI, 0.289 to 1.023). The procedure success rate was 97.53% in the remimazolam group and 97.50% in the propofol group. The difference in the success rate of the procedure between the remimazolam and propofol groups was 0.03% (95% CI, -2.5 to 2.4). However, the incidence of injection pain, hypotension, respiratory depression, and dizziness was lower in the remimazolam group compared with the propofol group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, patients from the propofol group were more likely to be drowsy, and their work efficiency was reduced the day after leaving the hospital, whereas patients in the remimazolam group were less affected (P < 0.05). IMPLICATIONS: The ED95 of remimazolam was 0.33 mg/kg when it was combined with alfentanil (5 µg/kg) for gastroscopy sedation. The sedation strategy of remimazolam-alfentanil has noninferior efficacy, fewer adverse effects, and a better postoperative recovery process than propofol-alfentanil for patients undergoing gastroscopy. Chinese Clinical Trials Registry identifier: ChiCTR2100051565.